Today, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows to plan surgery based on the topography of functionally important areas of the human brain cortex and tumor. This method can complement the surgical strategy with significant clinical information. The stimulus-dependent fMRI with motor and language paradigms is generally used for preoperative planning. The study outcome depends on the patient's ability to perform tasks paradigm, which is broken in brain tumors. In an attempt to overcome this problem, resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) is used for brain mapping. Rs-fMRI is based on the measurement of spontaneous fluctuations of the BOLD signal (blood oxygen level-dependent), representing the functional structure of the brain. In contrast to stimulus-dependent fMRI, rs-fMRI provides more complete information about functional architecture of the brain. rs-fMRI is used in conditions where the results of stimulusdependent fMRI may be falsely positive or in the absence of the possibility of its implementation. In aggregate, both methods significantly expand the efficiency and specificity of preoperative planning.

There is no single classification of TI-RADS. In different countries, various modifications are used. It is necessary to compare different versions of the classification for choosing the most optimal variant.
Objective: a comparative “blind” assessment of the thyroid nodules identified by ultrasound, according to the TI-RADS scale in various modifications.
Materials and methods. Retrospective analysis of 153 echograms of thyroid lesions: colloid goiter/nodular colloid goiter – 77 observations, autoimmune thyroiditis – 11, follicular adenoma – 77, follicular cancer – 2, medullar cancer – 1, papillary cancer – 36 observations.
Results. A comparative evaluation of the reproducibility of the three modifications of TI-RADS was carried out – the opinions of independent experts were homogeneous. Ultrasonic criteria for the evaluation of thyroid nodules for each TI-RADS variant are presented. The European and proposed by Russian authors variants, in addition to the large signs of malignancy, use small features extended in the domestic version of TI-RADS, which increases the sensitivity of these classification options.Тhe shortest time to evaluate thyroid formations was required when using the European classification. The European and proposed by Russian authors variants, in addition to the large signs of malignancy, use small signs, which increases the sensitivity of these classification options until 51 and 53%. The higher sensitivity of the korean variant – 57.8%.
Conclusions. It is necessary to further discuss the TI-RADS options and find the most optimal solution.

The aim of our study was to improve the diagnosis of breast nodules on a high dense breast tissue. The study involved 280 women with high dense breast tissue (ACR C,D BI-RADS 2015) aged 26 to 83 years (mean age 47.5 years), all women underwent standard digital mammography in two projections and automated breast ultrasound scanning in three projections. The addition of ABUS to mammography in the basic algorithm of the study increases the effectiveness of the diagnosis of nodules: increased sensitivity by 22.9% (MG – 75.9%, MG+ABUS – 98.8%), reduced specificity by 6.95% (MG – 86.7%, MG+ABUS – 79.75%), the added value is 11.25%. The added value of ABUS and HHUS are equal, but the ABUS allows to standardize, store and transmit the data with the possibility of a second reading, as well as to reduce the time of interpretation of the study twice in comparison with HHUS. Thus, ABUS can be used as an additional screening method for women with high dense breast or as the main method of mass examination for young women.

Objectives. to reveal a potential relationship between the breast density, various radiographic patterns of the breast structure, and the risk of developing ductal adenocarcinoma in situ.
Methods. In this study, 169 patients were divided into 2 groups according to the modern X-ray classification L. Tabar. All patients underwent a core biopsy with subsequent histological examination. The first group consisted of 57 women (33.7%) with tumors arising in the terminal ductal-lobular unit – acinar adenocarcinoma (AAB) unifocal and multifocal forms, and the second group – 112 women (66.3%) with types of ductal adenocarcinoma in situ (in situ DAB) and ductal adenocarcinoma in situ associated with the acinar form of breast cancer (DAB + AAB). Pathologic findings on mammography were assessed using the modern classification of L. Tabar. Evaluation of the breast density was made using ACR 2013 classification. The Pattern of radiologic breast structure was evaluated according to the classification of L. Tabar.
Results. According to our results, statistically significant differences of the compared groups on the breast density were established (p < 0.001). In the first group, patients with a density of ACR 1 prevailed, the proportion of which was 52.6%. In the second group, the incidence of ACR 4 was highest, with a share of 32.1% among all patients. Thus, it was concluded that there is an association of the breast density ACR 3 and ACR 4 and risk of development of DAB.
Conclusions. The high breast density, as well as the IV and V type of the breast structure according to L. Tabar's classification, are statistically associated with an increased risk of developing ductal carcinoma in situ (DAB). Our study also showed a statistically significant difference in the age of onset of ductal and acinar adenocarcinoma of the breast – 52 and 64, respectively.

Objective: standard deviation calculation in determining non-palpable breast masses localization: mammography and sonography data for a more accurate pre-surgical diagnostics and labeling.
Materials and methods. We have applied the Mammography Sono Analyzer (MSA) software for studying 52 women 37 to 76 years old with non-palpable breast masses for comparing the focal mass localization based on mammography and sonography data. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on the breast size: small (S), medium (M) and large (L). 

Results. Standard deviation between mammography and sonography data gas been obtained: S – 1,0 cm maximum, M – 2,0 cm maximum, L – less than 2,5 cm.

Conclusions. The MSA software allows to determine the standard deviations of non-palpable breast masses localization for breast of different size taking into consideration the mammography and sonography data.

Pulmonary mucormycosis is a rare opportunistic fungal infection, caused by Zygomycetes, order Mucorales. Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus and neutropenia are main risk factors. In recent years, the incidence of mucormycosis is increasing, due to widespread use of aggressive chemotherapy, including schemes for elder patients and increasing amount of stem cell transplantation. The disease is characterised by severe course, rapid spread and high mortality rates. Radiological diagnostics is first line methods in detecting infectious process in patients. Detecting specific features helps physician in early diagnosis and improve outcome of disease.

The main classifications of cholangiocarcinoma (CC) are currently the TNM classification, as well as the Bismuth–Corlette and MSKCC classifications. The criteria of T, N and M categories and characteristics of the stages of cholangiocarcinoma of the proximal and distal bile ducts, which are specified in the modern 8th edition of the international TNM classification, are presented. TNM classification is the most common for the development of treatment methods and the determination of disease prognosis. The Bismuth–Corlette classification, which characterizes the CC of the bile ducts in the region of the gate of the liver, is used to determine the type and volume of surgery. MSKCC classification of the CC of proximal bile ducts is designed to assess the prognosis of resectability, the risk of metastases and long-term survival of patients.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a relatively rare form of chronic pyelonephritis. It is characterized by combination of destructive and proliferative processes with proliferation in the kidney of granulomatous tissue with a large number of lipid-containing macrophages, which are called xanthomous or "foamy" cells. Replacement kidney lipomatosis is also a rare disease that is characterized by proliferation of adipose tissue of the kidney sinus and perirenal adipose tissue with pronounced atrophy of the renal parenchyma. This is the result of renal atrophy, chronic inflammation, nephrolithiasis or long-term current hydronephrosis with the proliferation of adipose tissue in the renal sinus and paranephric fiber. The article presents a case of combining the above-mentioned pathological processes in a patient of the 93-ies. According to clinical manifestations and examination data, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis can occur under the guise of pionephrosis, carbuncle, abscess. Deservedly this disease is called "great imitator", because today there are no clear diagnostic criteria, and the diagnosis is established, as a rule, in the postoperative period.

Renal arteriovenous fistula is a comparatively rare malformation that accounts for < 1% of all arteriovenous fistulas malformations. Renal ANM are devided into congenital or acquired, traumatic and nontraumatic, that can cause massive hematuria, pain, retroperitoneal hemorrhage, and heart failure. Non-invasive imaging modalities, including US, MDCT and MRI, are widely used to diagnose this payhology, but the gold standard for the diagnosis of renal AVM remains angiography. The advantage of angiography in comparison with other methods is the possibility of simultaneous treatment of such patients. The treatment of renal AVM can include endovascular dissociation of the arteriovenous fistula or an open operation, including the using of ex vivo techniques. The choice of method of the treatment is based on the general patient status and the characteristics of renal arteriovenous malformation.

Introduction. In Russia, there has been no research comparing data obtained by ultrasound scanners of different firms, with a comprehensive assessment of pelvic organs in women.
Purpose of the study. Compare the results of the study of the internal genitalia of healthy women, obtained on devices from Philips and GE Healthcare. 
Materials and methods. A comparison of the results of pelvic ultrasound examination in healthy patients of reproductive age (18–45 years), conducted on the expert level devices of GE Healthcare (Austria) and Philips (Netherlands) by the same doctor. Each group consisted of 30 people (15 women in the first and second phase of the cycle). Age did not have significant differences (p > 0.05). Organometry (uterine volume, endometrial thickness, ovarian volume), dopplerometric parameters of blood flow in uterine arteries, such as maximum systolic and average blood flow rate (Vmax, Vmean), uterine artery diameter, arterial perfusion index (API) was calculated, vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI) and vascularization-flow index (VFI) of the uterus and endometrium were obtained in 3D Doppler.
Summary. When implementing new techniques should study the information about this method and rely on the regulatory parameters obtained on the devices of similar firms.

The article presents a modern classification of contrast media, the advantages and disadvantages of radiographic contrast media. The most important adverse events ofcontrast media such as hypersensitivity reactions, thyroid dysfunction andcontrast-induced nephropathy are discussed.

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of the analysis of the degree of osteoporosis based on the results of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in multiple myeloma during treatment. The change in bone mineral density in patients with multiple myeloma treated with standard chemotherapy and high-dose chemotherapy with autotransplantation of hematopoietic stem cells is considered. The X-ray densitometry method can serve as an objective criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment in patients with multiple myeloma.

The article presents the main milestones in the life and work of Professor Samuel Aronovich Reinberg (1897–1966). Little-known facts from the life of the scientist are noted. It is noted that in 1930–1943 he headed the Department of radiology of the Leningrad Institute of advanced medical training. In 1927, he founded the world's first Department of pediatric radiology at the Leningrad Institute of maternal and infant protection and led it until 1939.the article shows that in 1943–1950, the Director of the Moscow x-ray Institute and at the same time headed the Department of radiology of  CIU (until 1966). S.A. Reinberg is the author of 410 works published in 13 languages, including 25 manuals, textbooks and monographs, mainly on the problems of clinical radiology. The main work of S.A. Reinberg is analyzed – the monograph “X-ray Diagnostics of bone and joint diseases”, which was published in 4 editions, was awarded the Lenin prize. S.A. Reinberg developed the problem of violation of bronchial patency. He has a priority in the study of the history of the organization and development of radiological service in the USSR, as well as in the development of lifetime radiography in humans and the opening of the sphincter apparatus of the fallopian tubes. Noted that he was one of the founders of the all-Union and all-Russian scientific society of roentgenologists and radiologists, Chairman of the Moscow scientific society of roentgenologists and radiologists, program speaker at the all-Union Congress of roentgenologists and radiologists starting from the 2nd Congress in 1924 the Editor of the editorial Department of “Radiology” 2nd edition BME. Analyzes the pedagogical activity of Professor S.A. Reinberg. The work noted that he was awarded the order of the Red Banner of Labor, Red Star, “Badge of Honor” and a number of medals of the USSR.