Компьютерная томография при черепно-мозговой травме у младенцев и детей младшего возраста (обзор литературы)

Цель исследования: проанализировать последние исследования, относящиеся к вопросам применения компьютерной томографии (КТ) при черепно-мозговой травме (ЧМТ) у детей раннего возраста.
Результаты. ЧМТ – одна из частых причин смерти и инвалидности у детей. Детская ЧМТ связана с рядом характеристик, отличающих ее от взрослых. Это обусловлено возрастными анатомо-физиологические различиями, зависящими от физического состояния ребенка и трудностями с неврологической оценкой у детей. Дети раннего возраста проявляют специфические патологические реакции на ЧМТ с четкими сопутствующими неврологическими проявлениями. В этом обзоре представлена важная информация о текущих аспектах использования КТ при всех видах изолированной тупой ЧМТ у детей в возрасте от рождения до 3 лет с учетом особенностей, соответствующих возрасту в условиях неотложной помощи. Хотя механизмы ЧМТ у раннего возраста аналогичны взрослым, визуальные проявления травм головы у детей имеют свои особенности из-за развивающегося мозга и свода черепа. Основная роль радиолога – определить и охарактеризовать тип и степень тяжести травмы головы, чтобы помочь правильному ведению пациента. Исходя из информации, полученной при КТ, зная механизм ЧМТ у младенцев и детей раннего возраста, радиологи играют ключевую роль как в диагностике, так и в выборе эффективного лечения и улучшении результатов лечения и исходов.
Заключение. КТ головы с многоплановыми и 3D-реконструкциями в настоящее время заменила рентгенографию черепа при подозрения на ЧМТ и стала важнейшим диагностическим методом у пациентов с ЧМТ в условиях неотложной помощи. Рентгенограммы не добавляют дополнительной диагностической информации и могут быть исключены из исследования в случае проведения КТ с 3D-реконструкцией.

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